Burdur sits in the part of the Mediterranean region known as the Lake District, with the lake of the same name — 854 metres above sea level — at its centre. Antalya lies to the south, Denizli to the west, Muğla to the south-west, and Isparta and Afyonkarahisar to the east and north. The province covers 7,176 square kilometres.

At an average altitude of about 1,000 metres it has a transitional climate, between the Mediterranean and the continental climate of inland Anatolia. On the long-term record kept by the meteorological service at the provincial centre, average rainfall is 416.8 millimetres, spread unevenly through the year: monthly totals range from 7.8 to 54.5 millimetres, December being the wettest month and August the driest.